Friday, January 31, 2020
Social Contract Theory of John Locke Essay Example for Free
Social Contract Theory of John Locke Essay Given the honored and extensive authority that the social contract theory upholds, the supposition still endures various assessments. The view that peopleââ¬â¢s ethical and political responsibilities are reliant upon a contract between them to structure a society is also precisely linked with current ethical and political theory. John Locke (b. 1632, d. 1704), a prominent truth-seeker among other professions of the 17th and early 18th centuries, is primarily recognized for the creation of his influential social contract theory. Censors dispute that most people are raised within an existing society and not presented with opportunity to opt a social contract; therefore, Lockeââ¬â¢s social contract theory is considered invalid. Lockeââ¬â¢s refute to the censors alleged that a keen understanding of how social contracts transpire must occur prior to the advancement of individuals in the social order. This paper will entail the social contract theory of John Locke and how the values identified are consistent with the criminal justice system (Uzgalis, 2007, à ¶11). The State of Nature. The social contract theory commences with the idea of a state of nature; the central idea that criminal justice systems are not in existence. The breakdown of effects result in the lack of protection provided; the inability to instill safety measures; and the neglect of civil rights pertaining to property and to individualized refuge. Public order is in disarray resulting in people relying on self-help methods to resolve differences of opinion. The individuality of existence within a state of nature is one of the primary areas under discussion that differences occur among social contract philosophers. Unlike Thomas Hobbes, John Lockeââ¬â¢s colleague in philosophy, whom references a state of nature as a battle of everyone in opposition to one another, Locke references state of nature, not as a circumstance of warfare, but nevertheless a problem. Locke theorizes that a community not possessing access to a normal arbitrator would signify that each person would mediate individual cases. This style of adjudication would create recurrent heated discussions being settled by personal brutality. Despite the different thinking techniques of Locke and Hobbes, the agreement exists that the state of nature would generate a sadistic and apprehensive atmosphere (Reese, 2001, à ¶11-12). The State of Nature is a condition of ideal and inclusive autonomy to manage life in the best method one deems necessary, according to Locke. To add clarity, Lockeââ¬â¢s proposal was not to include the freedom to do whatever one desires despite the consequences. Although the State of Nature presents a status that municipal influence and government does not discipline individuals for illegal indiscretions, doctrines remain in subsistence. Furthermore, the State of Nature assumes equivalency to others and is equally skilled to make determinations ensured by, what Locke claims, the foundation of decency; the Law of Nature. Lockeââ¬â¢s viewpoint is that the Law of Nature was provided to mankind by God with the instructions not to cause injury to one another in regard to physical condition, independence, existence, and property. In Lockeââ¬â¢s words, ââ¬Å"Moral good and evil is only the conformity or disagreement of our voluntary actions to some law, whereby good or evil is drawn on us, from the will and power of the law-makerâ⬠(Laslett, 1967, p.18). Locke refutes Hobbes theory by making claim that because God owns every living creature, and every human being is considered equivalent, people are not at liberty to eradicate what belongs to God. The State of Nature works as a set of guidelines allowing people to pursue unreservedly happiness by following personal areas of interest and creating personal diplomacy (2001, à ¶3-4). In this observation the decree is established on Godââ¬â¢s determination but strangely, the theory is not consistent with Lockeââ¬â¢s assertion pertaining to the Law of Nature. Locke elaborates that because the State of Nature is reasonably passive; people are entitled to seek this happiness free from hindrance. Although the hypothesis is to some extent contradicting, Lockeââ¬â¢s theory does add simplicity to the reasoning of why an unbiased criminal justice system is detrimental to society. Two Treaties on Government Locke surmised in the Two Treaties on Government, 1686, originally people agreed to a governmental social contract to ensure safeguarding of property rights and security from aggression. In lieu of defense, community members presented authorization to the government for verification that community members wished to be presided over. Locke made public the claim that any government official can justifiably be replaced if he or she neglects duties or takes advantage of the position. Lockeââ¬â¢s view of righteousness is germane to the debate of the United States Criminal Justice System because initiators depended upon Lockeââ¬â¢s words of wisdom to direct the assembly of an organization of self-governing supremacy. Undeniably, numerous pieces of the United States Declaration of Independence duplicate portions of Lockeââ¬â¢s Second Treatise precisely. For example, citizens are gifted ââ¬Å"with certain unalienable rights . . . governments come about to secure the rights and to gain just powers from the consent of the governedâ⬠(Laslett, 1967, p. 61). Lockeââ¬â¢s statement pertaining to how disparaging the government can become and the entitlement the community members obtain is also noted in the Declaration of Independence. Lockeââ¬â¢s dispute resulted as the starting point for structuring an admired government in addition to a validation for rebellion. Political convictions formerly sustained the proposal of community members providing government requirements. The concept of an innovative social contract in which the government subsisted to provide requirements of the administration created a novel reflection that upheld Lockââ¬â¢s thoughts, ââ¬Å"a person surrendered to the authority of the state only the amount of freedom necessary to ensure protection of the rights of other citizensâ⬠(1967, p. 3-7). The fresh proposal concerning contractual association of the government to community members was a creation of an inventive, rising middleclass (1967, p. 15). Conclusion Based on the preceding theories of the highly regarded John Locke, the values identified within the State of Nature are noticeably consistent with the values of existing day criminal justice system. Although challenging, without the basis of Lockeââ¬â¢s hypothesis on social contract, the criminal justice system would lack genuineness and compassion creating an unreceptive environment. Lockeââ¬â¢s theory makes current the immeasurable array of associations and connections interlinking people. Social contract theory is undeniably a part of the criminal justice system at present and in the projected future. Lockeââ¬â¢s theory, along with other reputable premises, will forever compel the reflection upon the nature of people and the connection to one another. Reference Laslett, P. (December 1967). Two treaties of government and the revolution of 1688. Locke: Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. (ISBN- 13 : 9780521069038 | ISBN- 10: 0521069033). Reese, R. (September 2001). Social justice theory. Journal of Ethics and Justice. Uzgalis, W. (2007). Historical background and lockeââ¬â¢s life. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
Teaching Writing :: Reflective Writing Education Feminism Essays
Teaching Writing As I look back over the course of this semester, the image that I get is one of the murky variety. It is difficult to identify although I have felt its presence for almost four months now. There have been many moments when I have waited for the insights to come, for the reading and the writing to mesh. And instead, I felt like I was lost in a fog that was sometimes dense, other times only misty. The worst part is that the fog is pervading a familiar place and once it clears I will be disappointed with myself because I should have known exactly where I was. What troubles me is why I do not know where I stand, after a semester of studying concepts I believe in. My hopes for myself in this class have not been met (for which I hold myself entirely responsible). I spent the last few months searching for answers in the material, in my dialogues with my classmates and coworkers, in my writing and through my thinking. As a feminist and a critical pedagogue I thought I would surely come to some grand conclusions, with all these theories as my bedfellows. But instead I feel like I have abandoned and failed my agenda: to better learn the theory and grow because of it. This is not to say that I have not learned anything, or not grown from the experience of this class. I know and feel that I have been changed; I am just not certain how. I look back at my reaction papers and I only see doubts. Questioning the people whose projects I admire, whose goals are not so different than mine, who know so much more than I do. And yet each paper that I have written criticizes and tries to poke holes. This sense of being lost, of not knowing is my own fault. I did not allow myself to engage with the writers. It has only been at the end, by doing my research paper and reading the articles about race that I finally felt like there was a place for me this course. It has been an alienating experience to see my peers thriving with our coursework while I felt like a grumpy old dwarf, shouting à ¬What about me?!à ® And then, a couple weeks ago, when we started reading Race, Rhetoric, and Composition, I felt like the fog was beginning to shift.
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Participatory Action Research Essay
The youth group was started in 2004 after the youths realized something was going wrong in the community and they were the right people to rectify the situation. They then came together and registered with the Ministry of Culture and Social Services Youth Affairs. Itââ¬â¢s a non-profit making organization whose purpose is to address the needs of the youths and to improve the living standards of the community. The group brings together youths of both genders and has no ethnic or racial barriers as it believes youths from whatever background experience the same problems and must come together in order to solve them. Majority of the youths are trained in various fields of education and so itââ¬â¢s a pool of educated young men and women committed to be difference makers in other peopleââ¬â¢s lives. Currently the group has thirty five fully registered and active members but there is room for more members to join them. Since its formation, the group has provided their voluntary services beyond area of operation to improve the well being of the community. Their areas of activities include youths and community mobilization and awareness on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), guidance and counseling services, education on income generating activities, youth and community education on alcohol and drug abuse, education on leadership and administration, planning and accountability, tree planting exercise and offering voluntary services for the well being of the community. The group is seeking to address the most pressing needs that are affecting them and the community where they are living. These pressing need collaborative efforts as they cannot be solved by the community alone as they need technical expertise and some substantial funding. These needs were prioritized according to their impact in the community and they include; the high unemployment rate among the youth, gender disparity due to the culture, and idleness among the youths leading to irresponsible youth behavior, high infection rate of AIDS and other venereal diseases, drug abuse, poor farming methods leading to food insecurity and afforestation problem.. The members agreed that they had the brains, knowledge and skills and if put together and shared will bring a big change among the group members, other youths and the community at large. Though they have had challenges especially from the elderly community members when discussing on sexual issues, the group is committed to continue working until they have attained their set objectives. Their services to the community have effected some positive changes, which have commended by the community members. The group also works with other major stakeholders who have been helpful to the group in terms of training and financial support. These include the Community Based Organizations, Non-Governmental Organizations, Religious Organizations, Society and the Government to improve the living standards of the community. These stakeholders have been very helpful to the youth group because they have been offering training without charging them any fee, giving the youths some incentives as well as the community and funding their projects at some level. They have been able to work with the group since it was started and have promised they will continue working with them as long as keep the agreement with them. The possible research question that could be answered if the researcher collaboratively worked the major stakeholders is to find out whether their input into the group has had and positive impact to the youth group and to the community. This research question will be a guide to getting some critical information which will be used by the group to improve on the areas that they are not performing well (The research question could be as follows; What has been your input to the group and has it had any impact to the group and to the society? ) The benefits of doing the work the researcher is proposing is that it could again help the group to be able to identify their weakness and then find out solutions for them. It will also open another door for them to meet other partners through the researcher who will pump in some more useful input to the group. Through their interaction with them some critical issues may rise which could not have been solved, but it will be an opportunity to solve them. In one way the group could be advertising or selling itself and what they are undertaking through these formal discussions as the contents of the discussions will be published somewhere, which will get some support for the group. This could be beneficial to the group and to the researcher as he/she will be able to learn more about how groups work. As concerns to the ethical issues, the protocol has to be followed and the group has to be consulted first before anything happens. There should be respect for the group and any information about the group should be kept secret as it is. The researcher should make sure that he/she work within the guidelines of the group and should she/he need any information should follow the right channels but not go to public and tell the public about the group against their wishes References Luft, J (1984). An Introduction to Group Dynamics (3rd Edition). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Toseland, R& Rivas, R. (2005) Introduction to Group Practice, Allyn & Bacon. New York.
Monday, January 6, 2020
Solutions for Lowering Alcohol Consumption Essay - 1361 Words
A couple years ago, a young man named John Doe left a sports bar with too much alcohol in his system. Miserable John could barely walk while catching the attention of ongoing cars and pedestrians. Eventually he found his car and made the mistake of sliding into the driver seat and starting up the engine. Far from sober, Johnny began driving and nearly took out a pole in the parking lot. However that did not stop him from driving. From crossing red lights to speeding on the highway and cutting other drivers off, things did not look like they were going to get any better for John. Once again, the reckless drunk driver caught everyoneââ¬â¢s attention; everyone except the young lady crossing a street while on her phone. Before she knew it, theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Drinking massive amounts of alcohol has numerous negative effects on the human body like, headaches, distorted vision and hearing, alcohol poisoning, high blood pressure, liver disease, and nerve damage, ââ¬Å"alco hol leads to addiction and can put people at a higher risk of over 200 disorders like tuberculosis and pneumoniaâ⬠(TIME 1). The effects of alcohol all depend on how much was consumed and the physical condition of the person. Drinking massive amounts of alcohol has numerous negative effects on the human body like, headaches, distorted vision and hearing, alcohol poisoning, high blood pressure, liver disease, and nerve damage. Nothing positive or healthy results from drinking alcohol. Solutions for lowering alcohol consumption or completely getting rid of it have been around for a long time. Placing an age restriction on buying alcohol does not stop adolescents from possessing alcohol. Someone drinking an alcoholic beverage under the legal age is considered underage drinking and is a gigantic problem in the United States and United Kingdom. Prohibition being one of them however, due to an increase in criminal activity pertaining to drug dealers that would sell alcohol and smugg lers that would sneak in alcohol into the country, the act was lifted. There are countries around the world today that have banned alcohol. There also some cities and towns that still have banned alcohol today. New technology also has been invented to stopShow MoreRelatedWhy The Drinking Age During The U.s. Should Be Lowered1300 Words à |à 6 Pagesconcerning the ability to purchase and drink alcohol. This is because the US law has set the threshold for alcohol purchase and consumption at 21 years of age (Mistral 1980). The question then remains; if an individual is considered an adult at 18 years of age, is it not right to allow them to purchase and consume alcohol at the same age? Answering this question has been a matter of polarizing debate, with those in support of and opposition to lowering the drinking age presenting valid arguments.Read MoreBinge Drinking vs the Drinking Age Essays829 Words à |à 4 PagesEnglish 101 March 13, 2013 Binge Drinking VS the Drinking Age Presidents of college campuses around the nation face issues of underage drinking and binge drinking on a regular basis and realizes that it is a danger and a problem. ââ¬Å"Alcohol consumption is the third leading cause of death in the U.S., a major contributing factor to unintentional injuries, the leading cause of death for youths and young adults, and accounts for an estimated 75,000 or more deaths in the United States annuallyâ⬠(WechslerRead MoreTo Lower or Not to Lower the Legal Drinking Age to 18, That Is the Question881 Words à |à 4 Pagesis on the rise among college students (Eisenberg n.p.). With an increase of alcohol consumption by underage drinkers, it only seems logical to lower the drinking age to prevent binge drinking, however there are far more consequences to be seen. Lowering the drinking age to 18 will not solve the binge drinking problem among college students but will cause more problems. In this paper I will explain the reason why lowering the dri nking age will not stop binge drinking and the adverse effects this couldRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age At The United States Of America1698 Words à |à 7 Pagesauthor of Time to Lower the Drinking Age, puts forth the position that lowering the drinking age would actually be beneficial to society. Though lowering the drinking age to eighteen may lead to solutions to underage drinking, many other, more dangerous issues may arise from teenagers who begin to drink earlier in life; this is the greater matter that and it should not be overlooked on this issue. According to Mary Cary, lowering the drinking age would not increase drunk driving and the deaths associatedRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age ( Mlda )1428 Words à |à 6 Pagesadults, ages 18-20, from partying with their friends, and consuming alcoholic beverages. It has lasted over the years as a popular way to rebel against parents, or other authority. Alcohol has a sort of ââ¬Å"forbidden fruitâ⬠quality for young adults and teens because it is made out to be such a big deal by the government. Lowering it will get rid of this quality. The drinking age is set too high and I believe it needs to be lowered by changing the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Law (MLDA) from 21 years of ageRead MoreLowering The Drinking Age Of The Age981 Words à |à 4 Pageschoose to drink illegally on a regular basis. According to the National Institute for Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, by age fifteen roughly half of all teenagers have had their first drink, and that by age eighteen roughly seventy p ercent of all teenagers have had a drink (ââ¬Å"Underage Drinkingâ⬠np). The truth is, underage drinking is a common issue in America. Lowering the drinking age is believed by many to be a solution to reducing underage drinking. The idea is that if the drinking age is lowered; thoseRead MoreDrinking Age : A Good Idea899 Words à |à 4 Pagescould possibly think itââ¬â¢s smart to lower the national minimum age requirement to buy and consume alcohol? Richard Marron, State Representative of Vermont, thinks itââ¬â¢s a good idea. Ruth C. Engs, Professor of Applied Health Sciences at Indiana University, thinks itââ¬â¢s a good idea. Dwight B. Heath, Professor of Anthropology at Brown University, thinks itââ¬â¢s a good idea. I think itââ¬â¢s a good idea. Wouldnââ¬â¢t lowering the Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) result in more cases of drunk driving? Overall, no. TheRead MoreTeenagers and Alcohol1584 Words à |à 6 Pageslikely to get into trouble with alcohol use and possible accidents due to drinking and driving. However a person looks at this argument, teenagers should be able to make their own decisions in life and learn from their mistakes. People generally know that teenagers will find many ways to get alcohol. Teenagers find way to push the law requiring them to be twenty-one to purchase and consume alcohol underground or go around the law to get what they want. Teenagers use alcohol for reasons including stressRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States Essay1385 Words à |à 6 PagesTolerance People believe that alcohol is essential to have a great party. People use alcohol for many reasons; peer pressure, anxiety, and to curb insomnia are some of the few reasons. Alcohol affects the parts of the brain that controls movement, speech, judgement, and memory. This is why some people cannot remember the night before when they went out drinking. It is a common fact that most teenagers have had a drink of alcohol before their twenty-first birthday. Most teenagers drink regularlyRead MoreProhibition Of The National Minimum Drinking Age Act1376 Words à |à 6 Pages Prohibition was a time in American history where any type of alcohol consumption, production, and distribution was banned. The thirteen year, dry period finally came to an end because of the temptation and social urges alcohol pursues. Throughout these thirteen years, people corruptly consumed, produced, and distributed alcohol as if the regulations instituted by the government were suggestions. After the Prohibition laws were lifted in 1993, the drinking age was set at twenty one but was later
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